Patent 3,158,765, "Magnetic system of transportation", by G. An early maglev train was described in U.S. Jokingly known as "Greased Lightning," the suspended car operated on a 90-foot test track in Johnson's basement "absolutely noiseless and without the least vibration." A series of German patents for magnetic levitation trains propelled by linear motors were awarded to Hermann Kemper between 19. Johnson filed a patent for a wheel-less "high-speed railway" levitated by an induced magnetic field. In 1907, another early electromagnetic transportation system was developed by F. Albertson, used magnetic levitation to take part of the weight off of the wheels while using conventional propulsion.Įarly United States patents for a linear motor propelled train were awarded to German inventor Alfred Zehden. Patent 714,851 (2 December 1902), issued to Albert C. High-speed transportation patents were granted to various inventors throughout the world. The system was closed in 1995 due to reliability problems. It operated on an elevated 600 metres (2,000 ft) section of monorail track between Birmingham Airport and Birmingham International railway station, running at speeds up to 42 kilometres per hour (26 mph). The first commercial maglev people mover was simply called " MAGLEV" and officially opened in 1984 near Birmingham, England. Working at the British Rail Research Division in Derby, along with teams at several civil engineering firms, the "transverse-flux" system was developed into a working system. In the early 1970s, Laithwaite discovered a new arrangement of magnets, the magnetic river, that allowed a single linear motor to produce both lift and forward thrust, allowing a maglev system to be built with a single set of magnets. The linear motor was naturally suited to use with maglev systems as well. Laithwaite joined one such project, the Tracked Hovercraft RTV-31, based near Cambridge, UK, although the project was cancelled in 1973. Since linear motors do not require physical contact between the vehicle and guideway, they became a common fixture on advanced transportation systems in the 1960s and 1970s. He became professor of heavy electrical engineering at Imperial College in 1964, where he continued his successful development of the linear motor. In the late 1940s, the British electrical engineer Eric Laithwaite, a professor at Imperial College London, developed the first full-size working model of the linear induction motor. Vactrain technology has been proposed as a means to overcome this limitation.ĭespite over a century of research and development, there are only six operational maglev trains today - three in China, two in South Korea, and one in Japan. Instead, overcoming drag takes the most energy. The power needed for levitation is typically not a large percentage of the overall energy consumption of a high-speed maglev system. Propulsion is typically provided by a linear motor. At its historical top speed, it covered the distance of 30.5 kilometres (19 mi) in just over 8 minutes.ĭifferent maglev systems achieve levitation in different ways, which broadly fall into two categories: electromagnetic suspension (EMS) and electrodynamic suspension (EDS). The service connects Shanghai Pudong International Airport and the outskirts of central Pudong, Shanghai. From 2002 until 2021, the record for the highest operational speed of a passenger train of 431 kilometres per hour (268 mph) was held by the Shanghai maglev train, which uses German Transrapid technology. The current train speed record of 603 km/h (375 mph) was set by the experimental Japanese L0 Series maglev in 2015. Maglev trains have set several speed records. However, maglev systems are more expensive to build, cannot make use of existing infrastructure, and have higher energy usage at high speeds. Ĭompared to conventional railways, maglev trains can have several advantages, including higher top speeds, superior acceleration and deceleration, lower maintenance costs, improved gradient handling, and lower noise at equivalent speeds. By levitating, maglev trains remove the rail-to-wheel contact present in conventional railways, eliminating rolling resistance. Maglev (derived from magnetic levitation) is a system of train transportation that is levitated along a guideway through the use of magnetic forces. Transrapid 09 at the Emsland test facility in Lower Saxony, Germany A full trip on the Shanghai Transrapid maglev train Example of low-speed urban maglev system, Linimo ( May 2023) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. The neutrality of this article is disputed.
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